Here is the part third of Texas Instruments Placement Written test Paper technical questions and for technical interviews.

What do the nocreate and noreplace flag ensure when they are used for opening a file?
Ans: nocreate and noreplace are file-opening modes. A bit in the ios class defines these modes. The flag nocreate ensures that the file must exist before opening it. On the other hand the flag noreplace ensures that while opening a file for output it does not get overwritten with new one unless ate or app is set. When the app flag is set then whatever we write gets appended to the existing file. When ate flag is set we can start reading or writing at the end of existing file.

What is the limitation of cin while taking input for character array?
Ans: To understand this consider following statements,
char str[5] ;
cin >> str ;
While entering the value for str if we enter more than 5 characters then there is no provision in cin to check the array bounds. If the array overflows, it may be dangerous. This can be avoided by using get( ) function. For example, consider following statement,
cin.get ( str, 5 ) ;
On executing this statement if we enter more than 5 characters, then get( ) takes only first five characters and ignores rest of the characters. Some more variations of get( ) are available, such as shown below:
get ( ch ) ? Extracts one character only
get ( str, n ) ? Extracts up to n characters into str
get ( str, DELIM ) ? Extracts characters into array str until specified delimiter (such as ‘\n’). Leaves delimiting character in stream.
get ( str, n, DELIM ) ? Extracts characters into array str until n characters or DELIM character, leaving delimiting character in stream.

What is the purpose of istream class?
Ans: The istream class performs activities specific to input. It is derived from the ios class. The most commonly used member function of this class is the overloaded >> operator which can extract values of all basic types. We can extract even a string using this operator.
C, C++ language detailed coding questions with solutions and answers.
Would the following code work?
#include
void main( )
{
ostream o ;
o << “Dream. Then make it happen!” ;
}
Ans: No! This is because we cannot create an object of the ostream class since its constructor and copy constructor are declared private.

Can we use this pointer inside static member function?
Ans: No! The this pointer cannot be used inside a static member function. This is because a static member function is never called through an object.

What is strstream?
Ans: strstream is a type of input/output stream that works with the memory. It allows using section of the memory as a stream object. These streams provide the classes that can be used for storing the stream of bytes into memory. For example, we can store integers, floats and strings as a stream of bytes. There are several classes that implement this in-memory formatting. The class ostrstream derived from ostream is used when output is to be sent to memory, the class istrstream derived from istream is used when input is taken from memory and strstream class derived from iostream is used for memory objects that do both input and output. Ans: When we want to retrieve the streams of bytes from memory we can use istrestream. The following example shows the use of istrstream class.
#include
void main( )
{
int age ;
float salary ;
char name[50] ;
char str[] = “22 12004.50 K. Vishwanatth” ;
istrstream s ( str ) ;
s >> age >> salary >> name ;
cout << age << endl << salary << endl << name ;
cout << endl << s.rdbuf( ) ;
}
Here, s is the object of the class istrstream. When we are creating the object s, the constructor of istrstream gets called that receives a pointer to the zero terminated character array str. The statement s >> age >> salary >> name ; extracts the age, salary and the name from the istrstream object s. However, while extracting the name, only the first word of name gets extracted. The balance is extracted using rdbuf( ).

When the constructor of a base class calls a virtual function, why doesn’t the override function of the derived class gets called?
Ans: While building an object of a derived class first the constructor of the base class and then the constructor of the derived class gets called. The object is said an immature object at the stage when the constructor of base class is called. This object will be called a matured object after the execution of the constructor of the derived class. Thus, if we call a virtual function when an object is still immature, obviously, the virtual function of the base class would get called. This is illustrated in the following example.
#include
class base
{
protected :
int i ;
public :
base ( int ii = 0 )
{
i = ii ;
show( ) ;
}
virtual void show( )
{
cout << “base’s show( )” << endl ;
}
} ;
class derived : public base
{
private :
int j ;
public :
derived ( int ii, int jj = 0 ) : base ( ii )
{
j = jj ;
show( ) ;
}
void show( )
{
cout << “derived’s show( )” << endl ;
}
} ;

void main( )
{
derived dobj ( 20, 5 ) ;
}
The output of this program would be:
base’s show( )
derived’s show( )

Can I have a reference as a data member of a class? If yes, then how do I initialise it?
Ans: Yes, we can have a reference as a data member of a class. A reference as a data member of a class is initialized in the initialization list of the constructor. This is shown in following program.
#include
class sample
{
private :
int& i ;
public :
sample ( int& ii ) : i ( ii )
{
}
void show( )
{
cout << i << endl ;
}
} ;
void main( )
{
int j = 10 ;
sample s ( j ) ;
s.show( ) ;
}
Here, i refers to a variable j allocated on the stack. A point to note here is that we cannot bind a reference to an object passed to the constructor as a value. If we do so, then the reference i would refer to the function parameter (i.e. parameter ii in the constructor), which would disappear as soon as the function returns, thereby creating a situation of dangling reference.
Functions, output error check, reasoning questions for ece, cse, eie, ee students placement papers.
Why does the following code fail?
#include
class sample
{
private :
char *str ;
public :
sample ( char *s )
{
strcpy ( str, s ) ;
}
~sample( )
{
delete str ;
}
} ;
void main( )
{
sample s1 ( “abc” ) ;
}
Ans: Here, through the destructor we are trying to deal locate memory, which has been allocated statically. To remove an exception, add following statement to the constructor.
sample ( char *s )
{
str = new char[strlen(s) + 1] ;
strcpy ( str, s ) ;
}
Here, first we have allocated memory of required size, which then would get deal located through the destructor.

assert( ) macro…
We can use a macro called assert( ) to test for conditions that should not occur in a code. This macro expands to an if statement. If test evaluates to 0, assert prints an error message and calls abort to abort the program.
#include
#include
void main( )
{
int i ;
cout << “\nEnter an integer: ” ;
cin >> i ;
assert ( i >= 0 ) ;
cout << i << endl ;
}

Why it is unsafe to deal locate the memory using free( ) if it has been
allocated using new?
Ans: This can be explained with the following example:
#include
class sample
{
int *p ;
public :
sample( )
{
p = new int ;
}
~sample( )
{
delete p ;
}
} ;
void main( )
{
sample *s1 = new sample ;
free ( s1 ) ;
sample *s2 = ( sample * ) malloc ( sizeof ( sample ) ) ;
delete s2 ;
}
The new operator allocates memory and calls the constructor. In the constructor we have allocated memory on heap, which is pointed to by p. If we release the object using the free( ) function the object would die but the memory allocated in the constructor would leak. This is because free( ) being a C library function does not call the destructor where we have deal located the memory.

As against this, if we allocate memory by calling malloc( ) the constructor would not get called. Hence p holds a garbage address. Now if the memory is deal located using delete, the destructor would get called where we have tried to release the memory pointed to by p. Since p contains garbage this may result in a runtime error.

This is Texas Instruments India Placement Paper technical questions part three. See all parts one to four here for the technical programming language questions with solutions / technical interview questions.